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1 failure to work a patent
umbrella patent — «зонтичный» патент, широкоохватный патент
patent specification — описание патента; содержание патента
repeal of a patent — отмена патента; аннулирование патента
right of patent — патентное право, право из патента
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2 failure to work a patent
неиспользование патента (патентное право) ;Англо-Русский словарь финансовых терминов > failure to work a patent
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3 failure to work a patent
неиспользование патента (патент.право)Англо-русский словарь экономических терминов > failure to work a patent
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4 failure to work a patent
Общая лексика: неиспользование патентаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > failure to work a patent
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5 failure to work a patent
Англо-русский юридический словарь > failure to work a patent
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6 failure to work a patent
Англо-русский экономический словарь > failure to work a patent
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7 patent
1. n патент; дипломumbrella patent — «зонтичный» патент, широкоохватный патент
patent specification — описание патента; содержание патента
repeal of a patent — отмена патента; аннулирование патента
right of patent — патентное право, право из патента
2. n ист. жалованная грамота; привилегия3. n знак, печать4. n право, получаемое благодаря патенту; исключительное правоtake out a patent — взять патент; выбирать патент
5. n запатентованный предмет, изобретение6. n амер. пожалование земли правительством7. n амер. документ о пожаловании земли правительством8. n амер. оригинальное решение; метод9. a явный, очевидный10. a патентованный11. a запатентованный12. a оригинальный, остроумный, новый; собственного изобретения13. a открытый14. a редк. доступный, возможный15. a бот. раскрытый16. a общеизвестныйit is patent that cats dislike dogs — не секрет, что кошки не любят собак
17. a общедоступный; общественный18. a высшего сорта19. v патентовать; брать патент20. v быть оригинальным, отличатьсяa style patented by Conrad — стиль, характеризующий Конрада
unenforceable patent — патент, не могущий быть основанием для иска
21. v амер. получать право на правительственную землю22. v редк. жаловатьСинонимический ряд:1. clear (adj.) apparent; clear; clear-cut; conspicuous; crystal-clear; distinct; evident; manifest; noticeable; obvious; open-and-shut; openhanded; palpable; plain; straightforward; unambiguous; unequivocal; univocal; unmistakable; unsubtle; visible2. controlled (adj.) controlled; copyrighted; exclusive; licensed; patented; protected; trademarked3. open (adj.) open; unclosed; unobstructed4. charter (noun) charter; copyright; permit; trademark5. control (noun) concession; control; license; privilege; protection6. certify (verb) certify; register7. copyright (verb) copyright; exclude; license; limit; safeguard; secureАнтонимический ряд:concealed; covered; dim; dubious; hidden; obscure; questionable; unclear -
8 patent
1.явный; оригинальный; патентованный2.патент; изобретениеpatent specification — описание патента; содержание патента
repeal of a patent — отмена патента; аннулирование патента
take out a patent — взять патент; выбирать патент
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9 be covered by patent
patent specification — описание патента; содержание патента
repeal of a patent — отмена патента; аннулирование патента
take out a patent — взять патент; выбирать патент
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > be covered by patent
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10 неиспользование патента
Русско-английский юридический словарь > неиспользование патента
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11 неиспользование патента
Русско-английский словарь по экономии > неиспользование патента
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12 неиспользование патента
Русско-английский юридический словарь > неиспользование патента
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13 неиспользование патента
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > неиспользование патента
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14 неиспользование патента
описание патента; содержание патента — patent specification
«зонтичный» патент, широкоохватный патент — umbrella patent
отмена патента; аннулирование патента — repeal of a patent
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > неиспользование патента
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15 неиспользование патента
1) General subject: failure to work a patent2) Economy: nonuse of a patent, nonworking of a patent3) Patents: nonuse of patent, nonworking of patentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > неиспользование патента
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16 De Forest, Lee
SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USAd. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA[br]American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.[br]De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.Bibliography1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.Further ReadingG.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.KF / JW -
17 Arkwright, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 23 December 1732 Preston, Englandd. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England[br]English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.[br]Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1786.Bibliography1769, British patent no. 931.1775, British patent no. 1,111.Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).RLH -
18 Whitney, Eli
[br]b. 8 December 1765 Westborough, Massachusetts, USAd. 8 January 1825 New Haven, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of the cotton gin and manufacturer of firearms.[br]The son of a prosperous farmer, Eli Whitney as a teenager showed more interest in mechanics than school work. At the age of 15 he began an enterprise business manufacturing nails in his father's workshop, even having to hire help to fulfil his orders. He later determined to acquire a university education and, his father having declined to provide funds, he taught at local schools to obtain the means to attend Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in preparation for his entry to Yale in 1789. He graduated in 1792 and then decided to study law. He accepted a position in Georgia as a tutor that would have given him time for study; this post did not materialize, but on his journey south he met General Nathanael Greene's widow and the manager of her plantations, Phineas Miller (1764–1803). A feature of agriculture in the southern states was that the land was unsuitable for long-staple cotton but could yield large crops of green-seed cotton. Green-seed cotton was difficult to separate from its seed, and when Whitney learned of the problem in 1793 he quickly devised a machine known as the cotton gin, which provided an effective solution. He formed a partnership with Miller to manufacture the gin and in 1794 obtained a patent. This invention made possible the extraordinary growth of the cotton industry in the United States, but the patent was widely infringed and it was not until 1807, after amendment of the patent laws, that Whitney was able to obtain a favourable decision in the courts and some financial return.In 1798 Whitney was in financial difficulties following the failure of the initial legal action against infringement of the cotton gin patent, but in that year he obtained a government contract to supply 10,000 muskets within two years with generous advance payments. He built a factory at New Haven, Connecticut, and proposed to use a new method of manufacture, perhaps the first application of the system of interchangeable parts. He failed to supply the firearms in the specified time, and in fact the first 500 guns were not delivered until 1801 and the full contract was not completed until 1809.In 1812 Whitney made application for a renewal of his cotton gin patent, but this was refused. In the same year, however, he obtained a second contract from the Government for 15,000 firearms and a similar one from New York State which ensured the success of his business.[br]Further ReadingJ.Mirsky and A.Nevins, 1952, The World of Eli Whitney, New York (a good biography). P.J.Federico, 1960, "Records of Eli Whitney's cotton gin patent", Technology and Culture 1: 168–76 (for details of the cotton gin patent).R.S.Woodbury, 1960, The legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts', Technology and Culture 1:235–53 (challenges the traditional view of Eli Whitney as the sole originator of the "American" system of manufacture).See also Technology and Culture 14(1973):592–8; 18(1977):146–8; 19(1978):609–11.RTS -
19 finalización
f.finalization, completion, ending, closing.* * *1 completion, finalization* * *noun f.* * *SF ending, conclusion* * *femenino (de periodo, partido, guerra) end; (de proyecto, obras) completion* * *= completion, finalisation [finalization, -USA], termination, expiration, passing.Ex. The time period between the completion of a cycle (e.g. at the end of a volume or a year) and the publication of the associated cumulative indexes should be as short as possible.Ex. The finalization of the thesaurus is also important; that is, terms should be reviewed for consistency and appropriate level of pre-coordination, word form and level of specificity.Ex. This article discusses the terms of reference and aims of the project, the difficulties encountered in the creation of a centre for the whole of Latin America, and growth and termination of the UNESCO Technical Assistance Mission.Ex. Failure to make a renewal fee payment can result in the expiration of the patent prior to its statutory term.Ex. Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.----* edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.* fecha de finalización = completion date, completion target.* finalización de los estudios = graduation.* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.* * *femenino (de periodo, partido, guerra) end; (de proyecto, obras) completion* * *= completion, finalisation [finalization, -USA], termination, expiration, passing.Ex: The time period between the completion of a cycle (e.g. at the end of a volume or a year) and the publication of the associated cumulative indexes should be as short as possible.
Ex: The finalization of the thesaurus is also important; that is, terms should be reviewed for consistency and appropriate level of pre-coordination, word form and level of specificity.Ex: This article discusses the terms of reference and aims of the project, the difficulties encountered in the creation of a centre for the whole of Latin America, and growth and termination of the UNESCO Technical Assistance Mission.Ex: Failure to make a renewal fee payment can result in the expiration of the patent prior to its statutory term.Ex: Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.* edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.* fecha de finalización = completion date, completion target.* finalización de los estudios = graduation.* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.* * *endla finalización del año escolar the end of the school yearla finalización de las obras de ampliación the completion of the extension work* * *finalización nf[terminación] end; [de contrato] completion* * *f completion* * *finalización nf: completion, end -
20 Porter, Charles Talbot
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 18 January 1826 Auburn, New York, USAd. 1910 USA[br]American inventor of a stone dressing machine, an improved centrifugal governor and a high-speed steam engine.[br]Porter graduated from Hamilton College, New York, in 1845, read law in his father's office, and in the autumn of 1847 was admitted to the Bar. He practised for six or seven years in Rochester, New York, and then in New York City. He was drawn into engineering when aged about 30, first through a client who claimed to have invented a revolutionary type of engine and offered Porter the rights to it as payment of a debt. Having lent more money, Porter saw neither the man nor the engine again. Porter followed this with a similar experience over a patent for a stone dressing machine, except this time the machine was built. It proved to be a failure, but Porter set about redesigning it and found that it was vastly improved when it ran faster. His improved machine went into production. It was while trying to get the steam engine that drove the stone dressing machine to run more smoothly that he made a discovery that formed the basis for his subsequent work.Porter took the ordinary Watt centrifugal governor and increased the speed by a factor of about ten; although he had to reduce the size of the weights, he gained a motion that was powerful. To make the device sufficiently responsive at the right speed, he balanced the centrifugal forces by a counterweight. This prevented the weights flying outwards until the optimum speed was reached, so that the steam valves remained fully open until that point and then the weights reacted more quickly to variations in speed. He took out a patent in 1858, and its importance was quickly recognized. At first he manufactured and sold the governors himself in a specially equipped factory, because this was the only way he felt he could get sufficient accuracy to ensure a perfect action. For marine use, the counterweight was replaced by a spring.Higher speed had brought the advantage of smoother running and so he thought that the same principles could be applied to the steam engine itself, but it was to take extensive design modifications over several years before his vision was realized. In the winter of 1860–1, J.F. Allen met Porter and sketched out his idea of a new type of steam inlet valve. Porter saw the potential of this for his high-speed engine and Allen took out patents for it in 1862. The valves were driven by a new valve gear designed by Pius Fink. Porter decided to display his engine at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, but it had to be assembled on site because the parts were finished in America only just in time to be shipped to meet the deadline. Running at 150 rpm, the engine caused a sensation, but as it was non-condensing there were few orders. Porter added condensing apparatus and, after the failure of Ormerod Grierson \& Co., entered into an agreement with Joseph Whitworth to build the engines. Four were exhibited at the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle, but Whitworth and Porter fell out and in 1868 Porter returned to America.Porter established another factory to build his engine in America, but he ran into all sorts of difficulties, both mechanical and financial. Some engines were built, and serious production was started c. 1874, but again there were further problems and Porter had to leave his firm. High-speed engines based on his designs continued to be made until after 1907 by the Southwark Foundry and Machine Company, Philadelphia, so Porter's ideas were proved viable and led to many other high-speed designs.[br]Bibliography1908, Engineering Reminiscences, New York: J. Wiley \& Sons; reprinted 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay (autobiography; the main source of information about his life).Further ReadingR.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (examines his governor and steam engine).O.Mayr, 1974, "Yankee practice and engineering theory; Charles T.Porter and the dynamics of the high-speed engine", Technology and Culture 16 (4) (examines his governor and steam engine).RLH
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